Control metabólico y recursos tecnológicos de niños con diabetes durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Metabolic control and technological resources for children with diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción: La diabetes en pacientes con COVID-19 se asocia a mayor morbilidad y mortalidad. El aislamiento social podría dificultar el acceso a la atención e insumos médicos. Nuestro objetivo fue describir el control glucémico durante la pandemia y los recursos médicos y tecnológicos disponibles. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, analítico y transversal. Se analizaron los resultados de una encuesta realizada a pacientes diabéticos del Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan. Se indagó infección por coronavirus, proximidad geográfica, control metabólico, cobertura, insumos y conectividad. Resultados: No se informaron casos de COVID-19. El 52,9% vivía a más de dos horas de viaje. El 95,7% realizó 4 o más glucemias diarias, el 12,8% estuvo en el rango glucémico ideal de 70-140 mg%, el 75,2% entre 140-250 mg% y el 12% por encima de 250 mg%. El 6,8% presentó cetosis y el 3,4% hipoglucemia severa. El 17,9% refirió dificultades para conseguir insumos. Todos poseían internet, 12% con limitaciones. El 10% que vivía a 2 o más horas del hospital estuvo en rango ideal vs. 28% de los que vivían más cerca (p=0,02). El 96,4% de los que retiraron insumos de su cobertura social o provincial alcanzaron un control metabólico aceptable (70-250 mg%) vs. 79,5% de los que lo hicieron en el hospital. (p=0,0002). Conclusiones: La mayoría presentó un control metabólico aceptable. La distancia y las dificultades de disponibilidad de insumos, se asociaron a peor control glucémico. La conectividad y recursos tecnológicos son limitados (AU)

Introduction: In patients with diabetes who are infected with COVID-19, the latter is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Social isolation may complicate access to care and medical supplies. Our aim was to describe glycemic control during the pandemic and the medical and technological resources available. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive, analytical, and cross-sectional study. The results of a survey conducted in patients with diabetes seen at Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan were analyzed. Coronavirus infection, geographic proximity to the hospital, metabolic control, healthcare coverage, supplies, and connectivity were investigated. Results: No cases of COVID-19 were reported. Overall, 52.9% lived more than two hours travel from the hospital; 95.7% performed four or more daily capillary blood glucose measurements; in 12.8% blood glucose was within the target range of 70-140 mg%, in 75.2% it was between 140-250 mg%, and in 12% above 250 mg%; 6.8% had ketosis and 3.4% severe hypoglycemia. Overall, 17.9% reported difficulties in obtaining medical supplies. All had internet access, although 12% with limitations. Ten percent of the patients who lived 2 or more hours from the hospital had blood glucose levels within the target range vs. 28% of those who lived closer (p=0.02); 96.4% of those who received diabetes supplies from their social or provincial insurance achieved acceptable metabolic control (70-250 mg%) vs. 79.5% of those who did so from the hospital (p=0,0002). Conclusions: The majority of patients had acceptable metabolic control. Distance and difficulties in the availability of supplies were associated with worse glycemic control. Connectivity and technological resources are limited (AU)

Desenvolvimento de rota sintética da Rosiglitazona em processo batelada e microrreator capilar / Rosiglitazone synthetic route development in batch process and capillary microreactor

Para que os fármacos possam ser comercializados economicamente, a sua escala de produção deve ser aumentada para atender à demanda do mercado. Atualmente, a maior parte dos fármacos são sintetizados em processos batelada que possuem limitações quanto à eficiência de mistura, temperatura e pressão. O uso de microrreatores surge como alternativa na indústria químico-farmacêutica, aumentando a eficiência dos processos de maneira segura. Ferramentas utilizadas no segmento computacional multidisciplinar teórico, como o DFT (Density Functional Theory), podem prever e compreender o comportamento das reações químicas, podendo ter grande utilidade na síntese de novos fármacos economizando tempo, investimento e reduzindo a geração de resíduos. A diabetes mellitus é uma doença de caráter epidêmico, que a cada ano vem aumentando o número de casos. O emprego de fármacos derivados das glitazonas no tratamento de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 é recomendado devido ao excelente controle glicêmico que esta classe de fármacos oferece. Neste trabalho, foi sintetizada a Rosiglitazona, um fármaco derivado das glitazonas, que auxilia no tratamento da diabetes mellitus tipo 2, sendo estudadas duas rotas de síntese distintas, que foram otimizadas com o intuito de maximizar o rendimento de seus intermediários, obtendo a Rosiglitazona com pureza de cerca de 94%. Foi realizada, para os intermediários, aqui denominados, 1R, 2R2 e 3R2 a síntese one-pot e para os intermediários 1R, 2R1 e 3R2 foi realizada a transposição do processo usual em batelada para fluxo contínuo no microrreator, com rendimentos de até 93%. Com o auxílio da química quântica computacional, a reação de síntese do intermediário 1R, foi elucidada teoricamente e determinadas as grandezas termodinâmicas (ΔH‡, ΔG‡ e ΔS‡) no estado de transição, que foram comparadas com os valores experimentais, sendo constatada uma boa concordância, com desvio máximo de 14%

In order for drugs to be commercialized economically, their production scale must be increased to meet market demand. Currently, most drugs are synthesized in batch processes that have limitations in terms of mixing efficiency, temperature and pressure. The use of microreactors appears as an alternative in the chemical-pharmaceutical industry, increasing the efficiency of the synthesis processes in a safe way. Tools used in the theoretical multidisciplinary computational segment, such as DFT (Density Functional Theory), can predict and understand the behavior of chemical reactions, and can be very useful in the synthesis of new drugs, saving time, investment and reducing waste generation. Diabetes mellitus is an epidemic disease that has been increasing the number of cases every year. The use of drugs derived from glitazones in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is recommended due to the excellent glycemic control that this class of drugs offers. In this work, Rosiglitazone, a drug derived from glitazones, which helps in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, was synthesized. Two different synthetic routes were studied and optimized in order to maximize the yield of its intermediates, obtaining Rosiglitazone with purity of about 94%. One-pot synthesis was performed to 1R, 2R2 and 3R2 intermediates, and the transposition from the usual batch process to continuous flow in microreactor was performed to 1R, 2R1 and 3R2 intermediates, with yields of up to 93%. With the aid of computational quantum chemistry, the intermediate 1R synthesis reaction was theoretically elucidated and the thermodynamic properties were determined (ΔH‡, ΔG‡ and ΔS‡) in the transition state, which were compared with the experimental results, obtaining good agreement, with a maximum deviation of 14%

Prevalence of hypertension and obesity in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract Faced with the increase of type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM2) and the failure in treatment, questions have been raised about the clinical situation of these patients. The present study analyzes the prevalence of hypertension and obesity in DM2 patients. Data were collected through interviews and anamnesis of 16 participants. After the meetings, in which capillary glycemia and blood pressure were measured, the participants received guidance about glycemic monitoring, blood pressure control and changes in lifestyle. Approximately 75% of the participants were women with average age of 65 years, 87.5% were sedentary, 18.75% smoked and/or used alcoholic beverages and none performed regular blood glucose monitoring. The initial blood glucose average was 148 mg/ dL and finally decreased to 133 mg/dL. There was no significant difference in blood pressure levels. Regarding the body mass index, 89.4% of the patients were above normal standards and 100% had altered waist circumference values. There is a need for studies like this in order to promote educational practices for health and disease control, highlighting the importance of multidisciplinary teams and the pharmaceutical professional, since non-adherence to blood glucose monitoring, also associated with hypertension and obesity, can interfere with the individual's clinical condition.

Association of cigarette and water-pipe smoking with increased visceral adiposity, glycemic intolerance and hematological derangement in Iraqi healthy smokers

Abstract The present study aims to investigate the impacts of cigarette smoking (CS) and water-pipe smoking (WPS) on the visceral adiposity index (VAI), hematological characteristics, and glycemic tolerance in Iraqi healthy smokers. A total of 528 healthy males from different locations of Baghdad city were allocated to three groups; nonsmokers (176), cigarette smokers (178), and WP smokers (174). Baseline characteristics, anthropometric and hematological markers and were reported. Glycemic control was evaluated using the glucose tolerance test. The evidence of elevated VAI, disrupted hematological markers, and impaired glucose tolerance was significantly (P<0.001) different compared with non-smokers and related to the duration of smoking. The impacts of WPS seem to be significantly greater than CS in certain parameters (hemoglobin, hematocrit, methemoglobin, and 2-hour glucose tolerance values). In conclusion, CS and WPS negatively impacted body fat distribution, glucose tolerance, and hematological markers. There is a positive association between the rate of smoking and obesity, glycemic intolerance in both groups

Evaluation of 1, 5 -Anhydroglucitol as a Biomarker for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Patients without Overt Nephropathy

1,5-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is a non-fasting glycemic marker that responds to hyperglycemia excursions. The reduction in serum levels of 1,5-AG is associated with an increase in postprandial glycemia and glycosuria, phenomena that increase the risk and severity of diabetic complications. The objective is to assess the ability of 1,5-AG to discriminate type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients without overt kidney disease, for screening or diagnostic purposes. The Human Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) approved the project. Serum samples from 567 individuals classified as healthy subjects (n = 291) and T2D (n = 276) with moderate glycemic control (HbA1c of 7-8%), matched by gender, were analyzed. Serum 1,5-AG levels were measured using an automated enzymatic method (GlycoMark, Inc.). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for 1,5-AG showed sensibility of 65.3% and specificity of 91.1% to detect T2D at cut-off point of 92 µmol/L. The results were similar to the groups' discrimination by glycemia (sensibility/specificity, 62.2%; 89.0%) at cut-off point of 6.3 mmol/L. HbA1c was the best discriminator (sensibility/specificity, 87.4%; 94.2%) at a cut-off point of 5.8% (40 mmol/mol). The serum 1,5-AG concentration was not able to discriminate T2D in the presence of moderate glycemic control with no overt nephropathy.